Is consciousness a physical mechanism, or is something extra, beyond the workings of the brain? "Nothing is more certain than consciousness, and yet nothing is harder to incorporate into our scientific picture of the world," observes Philip Goff, who offers an alternative that could pave the way forward. Rooted in an analysis of the philosophical underpinnings of modern science and based on the early 20th-century work of Arthur Eddington and Bertrand Russell, Goff makes the case for panpsychism, a theory which posits that consciousness is not confined to biological entities but is a fundamental feature of all physical matter—from subatomic particles to the human brain.