With the ending of global strategic confrontation between superpowers, those in the Middle East must adjust to a new reality: to accept final responsibility for their own affairs, to make and recognize their mistakes, and to change course as needed. Drawing on decades of experience, Bernard Lewis discusses the future of the region, suggesting that technological advances may eventually make the Middle East's lucrative oil industry obsolete. As Lewis also posits here, three factors that could transform this turbulent region are Turkey, Israel, and women's rights.